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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Parallelogramm</span></h1>
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<p>Ein <b>Parallelogramm</b> (von <span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="Altgriechische_Sprache" title="Altgriechische Sprache">altgriechisch</a></span> <span lang="grc-Grek" class="Grek" style="font-style:normal">παραλληλό-γραμμος</span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261937631">
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</style><span class="Latn" lang="grc-Latn" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic">paralleló-grammos</span> „von zwei Parallelenpaaren begrenzt“) oder <b>Rhomboid</b> (rautenähnlich) ist ein <a href="Konvexe_Menge" title="Konvexe Menge">konvexes</a> ebenes <a href="Viereck" title="Viereck">Viereck</a>, bei dem gegenüberliegende Seiten <a href="Parallel_(Geometrie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel (Geometrie)">parallel</a> sind.
</p><p>Parallelogramme sind spezielle <a href="Trapez_(Geometrie)" title="Trapez (Geometrie)">Trapeze</a> und zweidimensionale <a href="Parallelepiped" title="Parallelepiped">Parallelepipede</a>. <a href="Rechteck" title="Rechteck">Rechteck</a>, <a href="Raute" title="Raute">Raute</a> (Rhombus) und <a href="Quadrat" title="Quadrat">Quadrat</a> sind Spezialfälle des Parallelogramms.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<p>Ein <a href="Viereck" title="Viereck">Viereck</a> ist genau dann ein Parallelogramm, wenn eine der folgenden Bedingungen erfüllt ist:
</p>
<ul><li>Gegenüberliegende Seiten sind gleich lang und keine zwei gegenüberliegende Seiten schneiden sich (kein überschlagenes Viereck, sogenanntes <a href="Antiparallelogramm" title="Antiparallelogramm">Antiparallelogramm</a>).</li>
<li>Zwei gegenüberliegende Seiten sind <a href="Parallel_(Geometrie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel (Geometrie)">parallel</a> und gleich lang.</li>
<li>Gegenüberliegende <a href="Winkel" title="Winkel">Winkel</a> sind gleich groß.</li>
<li>Je zwei benachbarte Winkel ergeben zusammen 180°.</li>
<li>Die <a href="Diagonale_(Geometrie)" title="Diagonale (Geometrie)">Diagonalen</a> halbieren einander.</li>
<li>Die Summe der Flächen der Quadrate über den vier Seiten ist gleich der Summe der Flächen der Quadrate über den zwei Diagonalen (<a href="Parallelogrammgleichung" title="Parallelogrammgleichung">Parallelogrammgleichung</a>).</li>
<li>Es ist <a href="Punktsymmetrie" title="Punktsymmetrie">punktsymmetrisch</a> (zweizählig <a href="Drehsymmetrie" class="mw-redirect" title="Drehsymmetrie">drehsymmetrisch</a>).</li></ul>
<p>Für jedes Parallelogramm gilt:
</p>
<ul><li>Jede Diagonale teilt es in zwei gleichsinnig <a href="Kongruenz_(Geometrie)" title="Kongruenz (Geometrie)">kongruente</a> <a href="Dreieck" title="Dreieck">Dreiecke</a>.</li>
<li>Sein <a href="Symmetriezentrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Symmetriezentrum">Symmetriezentrum</a> ist der <a href="Schnittpunkt" title="Schnittpunkt">Schnittpunkt</a> der Diagonalen.</li>
<li>Die Mittelpunkte der über seinen Seiten errichteten Quadrate bilden ein Quadrat (<a href="Satz_von_Th%C3%A9bault-Yaglom" title="Satz von Thébault-Yaglom">Satz von Thébault-Yaglom</a>).</li></ul>
<p>Alle Parallelogramme, die mindestens eine <a href="Symmetrieachse" class="mw-redirect" title="Symmetrieachse">Symmetrieachse</a> besitzen, sind <a href="Rechteck" title="Rechteck">Rechtecke</a> oder <a href="Raute" title="Raute">Rauten</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formeln">Formeln</h2></div>
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<th colspan="3">Mathematische Formeln zum Parallelogramm
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="Fl%C3%A4cheninhalt" title="Flächeninhalt">Flächeninhalt</a></b>
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<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=a\cdot h_{a}=b\cdot h_{b}=\left|\left|{\overrightarrow {AB}}\times {\overrightarrow {AD}}\right|\right|}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=a\cdot h_{a}=b\cdot h_{b}=\left|\left|{\overrightarrow {AB}}\times {\overrightarrow {AD}}\right|\right|}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b49ab85e0a5acaec7ea4fef65097c23cf9c28ae8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; margin-top: -0.372ex; width:34.204ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=a\cdot h_{a}=b\cdot h_{b}=\left|\left|{\overrightarrow {AB}}\times {\overrightarrow {AD}}\right|\right|}" loading="lazy"></span><br>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=a\cdot b\cdot \sin(\alpha )=a\cdot b\cdot \sin(\beta )={\frac {e\cdot f\cdot \sin(\theta )}{2}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=a\cdot b\cdot \sin(\alpha )=a\cdot b\cdot \sin(\beta )={\frac {e\cdot f\cdot \sin(\theta )}{2}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6ec93a675967d22b0dff4156ba1e5ba87abca128.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:46.671ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=a\cdot b\cdot \sin(\alpha )=a\cdot b\cdot \sin(\beta )={\frac {e\cdot f\cdot \sin(\theta )}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span><br>Über <a href="Koordinatentransformation" title="Koordinatentransformation">Transformation</a> in ein <a href="Rechteck" title="Rechteck">Rechteck</a> mit der <a href="Determinante" title="Determinante">Determinante</a>:<br><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=\det {\begin{pmatrix}a_{x}&&b_{x}\\a_{y}&&b_{y}\end{pmatrix}}=a_{x}\cdot b_{y}-b_{x}\cdot a_{y}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=\det {\begin{pmatrix}a_{x}&&b_{x}\\a_{y}&&b_{y}\end{pmatrix}}=a_{x}\cdot b_{y}-b_{x}\cdot a_{y}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/189ff967fea163b3bf77255ceab33b7d66ecdfee.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:40.044ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=\det {\begin{pmatrix}a_{x}&&b_{x}\\a_{y}&&b_{y}\end{pmatrix}}=a_{x}\cdot b_{y}-b_{x}\cdot a_{y}}" loading="lazy"></span>
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<td><a href="Umfang_(Geometrie)" title="Umfang (Geometrie)"><b>Umfang</b></a>
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<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U=2\cdot a+2\cdot b=2\cdot (a+b)}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U=2\cdot a+2\cdot b=2\cdot (a+b)}</annotation>
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<tr>
<td><b><a href="Innenwinkel" title="Innenwinkel">Innenwinkel</a></b>
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<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =\gamma ,\quad \beta =\delta ,\quad \alpha +\beta =180^{\circ }}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =\gamma ,\quad \beta =\delta ,\quad \alpha +\beta =180^{\circ }}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d9e00344b75e16cd2fd768b1c494c1a257dd1a4d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:31.341ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =\gamma ,\quad \beta =\delta ,\quad \alpha +\beta =180^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span>
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<td rowspan="2"><a href="H%C3%B6he_(Geometrie)" title="Höhe (Geometrie)"><b>Höhe</b></a>
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<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h_{a}=b\cdot \sin(\alpha )}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h_{a}=b\cdot \sin(\alpha )}</annotation>
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<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h_{b}=a\cdot \sin(\beta )}">
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<tr>
<td rowspan="2">Länge der <a href="Diagonale_(Geometrie)" title="Diagonale (Geometrie)"><b>Diagonalen</b></a>
<p>(siehe <a href="Kosinussatz" title="Kosinussatz">Kosinussatz</a>)
</p>
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<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{ccl}e&={\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}-2\cdot a\cdot b\cdot \cos(\beta )}}\\&={\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}+2\cdot a\cdot b\cdot \cos(\alpha )}}\end{array}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{ccl}e&={\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}-2\cdot a\cdot b\cdot \cos(\beta )}}\\&={\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}+2\cdot a\cdot b\cdot \cos(\alpha )}}\end{array}}}</annotation>
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<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{ccl}f&={\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}-2\cdot a\cdot b\cdot \cos(\alpha )}}\\&={\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}+2\cdot a\cdot b\cdot \cos(\beta )}}\end{array}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{ccl}f&={\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}-2\cdot a\cdot b\cdot \cos(\alpha )}}\\&={\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}+2\cdot a\cdot b\cdot \cos(\beta )}}\end{array}}}</annotation>
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</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="Parallelogrammgleichung" title="Parallelogrammgleichung">Parallelogrammgleichung</a></b>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e^{2}+f^{2}=2\cdot (a^{2}+b^{2})}">
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</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beweis_der_Flächenformel_für_ein_Parallelogramm"><span id="Beweis_der_Fl.C3.A4chenformel_f.C3.BCr_ein_Parallelogramm"></span>Beweis der Flächenformel für ein Parallelogramm</h2></div>
<div style="float:right;"></div>
<div style="float:right;"></div>
<p>Den <a href="Fl%C3%A4cheninhalt" title="Flächeninhalt">Flächeninhalt</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> des nebenstehenden schwarzen Parallelogramms kann man erhalten, indem man von der Fläche des großen <a href="Rechteck" title="Rechteck">Rechtecks</a> die sechs kleinen Flächen mit bunten Kanten abzieht. Wegen der Symmetrie und der Vertauschbarkeit der <a href="Multiplikation" title="Multiplikation">Multiplikation</a> kann man auch vom großen Rechteck das Doppelte der drei kleinen Flächen unterhalb des Parallelogramms abziehen. Es ist also:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{cccl}A&=&&({\color {YellowOrange}a_{x}}+{\color {ForestGreen}b_{x}})\cdot ({\color {red}a_{y}}+{\color {blue}b_{y}})\ -\ 2\cdot ({\frac {{\color {YellowOrange}a_{x}}\cdot {\color {red}a_{y}}}{2}}+{\color {ForestGreen}b_{x}}\cdot {\color {red}a_{y}}+{\frac {{\color {ForestGreen}b_{x}}\cdot {\color {blue}b_{y}}}{2}})\\&=&&{\color {YellowOrange}a_{x}}\cdot {\color {red}a_{y}}+{\color {YellowOrange}a_{x}}\cdot {\color {blue}b_{y}}+{\color {ForestGreen}b_{x}}\cdot {\color {red}a_{y}}+{\color {ForestGreen}b_{x}}\cdot {\color {blue}b_{y}}\\&&-&{\color {YellowOrange}a_{x}}\cdot {\color {red}a_{y}}\quad \quad \quad -2\cdot {\color {ForestGreen}b_{x}}\cdot {\color {red}a_{y}}-{\color {ForestGreen}b_{x}}\cdot {\color {blue}b_{y}}\\&=&&\quad \quad \quad \quad {\color {YellowOrange}a_{x}}\cdot {\color {blue}b_{y}}-{\color {ForestGreen}b_{x}}\cdot {\color {red}a_{y}}\end{array}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{cccl}A&=&&({\color {YellowOrange}a_{x}}+{\color {ForestGreen}b_{x}})\cdot ({\color {red}a_{y}}+{\color {blue}b_{y}})\ -\ 2\cdot ({\frac {{\color {YellowOrange}a_{x}}\cdot {\color {red}a_{y}}}{2}}+{\color {ForestGreen}b_{x}}\cdot {\color {red}a_{y}}+{\frac {{\color {ForestGreen}b_{x}}\cdot {\color {blue}b_{y}}}{2}})\\&=&&{\color {YellowOrange}a_{x}}\cdot {\color {red}a_{y}}+{\color {YellowOrange}a_{x}}\cdot {\color {blue}b_{y}}+{\color {ForestGreen}b_{x}}\cdot {\color {red}a_{y}}+{\color {ForestGreen}b_{x}}\cdot {\color {blue}b_{y}}\\&&-&{\color {YellowOrange}a_{x}}\cdot {\color {red}a_{y}}\quad \quad \quad -2\cdot {\color {ForestGreen}b_{x}}\cdot {\color {red}a_{y}}-{\color {ForestGreen}b_{x}}\cdot {\color {blue}b_{y}}\\&=&&\quad \quad \quad \quad {\color {YellowOrange}a_{x}}\cdot {\color {blue}b_{y}}-{\color {ForestGreen}b_{x}}\cdot {\color {red}a_{y}}\end{array}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/23b17644e42becba8fef135a18462b457b2ba10d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -6.671ex; width:62.664ex; height:14.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{cccl}A&=&&({\color {YellowOrange}a_{x}}+{\color {ForestGreen}b_{x}})\cdot ({\color {red}a_{y}}+{\color {blue}b_{y}})\ -\ 2\cdot ({\frac {{\color {YellowOrange}a_{x}}\cdot {\color {red}a_{y}}}{2}}+{\color {ForestGreen}b_{x}}\cdot {\color {red}a_{y}}+{\frac {{\color {ForestGreen}b_{x}}\cdot {\color {blue}b_{y}}}{2}})\\&=&&{\color {YellowOrange}a_{x}}\cdot {\color {red}a_{y}}+{\color {YellowOrange}a_{x}}\cdot {\color {blue}b_{y}}+{\color {ForestGreen}b_{x}}\cdot {\color {red}a_{y}}+{\color {ForestGreen}b_{x}}\cdot {\color {blue}b_{y}}\\&&-&{\color {YellowOrange}a_{x}}\cdot {\color {red}a_{y}}\quad \quad \quad -2\cdot {\color {ForestGreen}b_{x}}\cdot {\color {red}a_{y}}-{\color {ForestGreen}b_{x}}\cdot {\color {blue}b_{y}}\\&=&&\quad \quad \quad \quad {\color {YellowOrange}a_{x}}\cdot {\color {blue}b_{y}}-{\color {ForestGreen}b_{x}}\cdot {\color {red}a_{y}}\end{array}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parallelogrammgitter">Parallelogrammgitter</h2></div>
<p>Parallelogramme können ein <a href="Gitter_(Geometrie)" title="Gitter (Geometrie)">Gitter</a> in der <a href="Ebene_(Mathematik)" title="Ebene (Mathematik)">Ebene</a> bilden. Wenn die Kanten gleich lang sind oder die <a href="Winkel" title="Winkel">Winkel</a> <a href="Rechter_Winkel" title="Rechter Winkel">rechte Winkel</a> sind, ist die <a href="Symmetrie_(Geometrie)" title="Symmetrie (Geometrie)">Symmetrie</a> des Gitters höher. Diese repräsentieren die vier <a href="Zweidimensional" class="mw-redirect" title="Zweidimensional">zweidimensionalen</a> <a href="Bravais-Gitter" title="Bravais-Gitter">Bravais-Gitter</a>.
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th><a href="Geometrische_Figur" title="Geometrische Figur">Geometrische Figur</a>
</th>
<th><a href="Quadrat" title="Quadrat">Quadrat</a>
</th>
<th><a href="Rechteck" title="Rechteck">Rechteck</a>
</th>
<th><a href="Raute" title="Raute">Raute</a>
</th>
<th>Parallelogramm
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="Bravais-Gitter" title="Bravais-Gitter">Bravais-Gitter</a>
</th>
<td>quadratisches Bravais-Gitter
</td>
<td>rechtwinkliges Bravais-Gitter
</td>
<td>zentriert-rechtwinkliges Bravais-Gitter
</td>
<td>schiefwinkliges Bravais-Gitter
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="Kristallsystem" title="Kristallsystem">Kristallsystem</a>
</th>
<td><a href="Tetragonales_Kristallsystem" title="Tetragonales Kristallsystem">tetragonales Kristallsystem</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Orthorhombisches_Kristallsystem" title="Orthorhombisches Kristallsystem">orthorhombisches Kristallsystem</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Orthorhombisches_Kristallsystem" title="Orthorhombisches Kristallsystem">orthorhombisches Kristallsystem</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Monoklines_Kristallsystem" title="Monoklines Kristallsystem">monoklines Kristallsystem</a>
</td></tr>
<tr align="center">
<th>Bild
</th>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Das Parallelogrammgitter ist eine Anordnung von <a href="Unendlichkeit" title="Unendlichkeit">unendlich</a> vielen <a href="Punkt_(Geometrie)" title="Punkt (Geometrie)">Punkten</a> in der <a href="Zweidimensional" class="mw-redirect" title="Zweidimensional">zweidimensionalen</a> <a href="Euklidische_Ebene" class="mw-redirect" title="Euklidische Ebene">euklidischen Ebene</a>. Diese Punktmenge kann formal als die <a href="Menge_(Mathematik)" title="Menge (Mathematik)">Menge</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left\{(t_{1}\cdot {\vec {u}},t_{2}\cdot {\vec {v}})\in \mathbb {R} ^{2}\mid {\vec {u}},{\vec {v}}\in \mathbb {R} ^{2}\ \land \ t_{1}\in \mathbb {Z} \ \land \ t_{2}\in \mathbb {Z} \right\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>v</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msup>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>∧<!-- ∧ --></mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
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<mo>∧<!-- ∧ --></mo>
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<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>}</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left\{(t_{1}\cdot {\vec {u}},t_{2}\cdot {\vec {v}})\in \mathbb {R} ^{2}\mid {\vec {u}},{\vec {v}}\in \mathbb {R} ^{2}\ \land \ t_{1}\in \mathbb {Z} \ \land \ t_{2}\in \mathbb {Z} \right\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1c73c0703859f7906ebd295f8425e204de2f5ace.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:51.884ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left\{(t_{1}\cdot {\vec {u}},t_{2}\cdot {\vec {v}})\in \mathbb {R} ^{2}\mid {\vec {u}},{\vec {v}}\in \mathbb {R} ^{2}\ \land \ t_{1}\in \mathbb {Z} \ \land \ t_{2}\in \mathbb {Z} \right\}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>geschrieben werden, wobei die Vektoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {u}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {u}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/89c41e9cf70c5e5b56e2128a136985a75f90ba43.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {u}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/85820588abd7333ef4d0c56539cb31c20e730753.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.175ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Richtungsvektor" class="mw-redirect" title="Richtungsvektor">Richtungsvektoren</a> zwischen benachbarten Punkten sind. Das Parallelogrammgitter entsteht durch eine <a href="Affine_Abbildung" title="Affine Abbildung">affine Abbildung</a> aus dem <a href="Quadratgitter" title="Quadratgitter">Quadratgitter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Das Parallelogrammgitter ist zweizählig <a href="Drehsymmetrie" class="mw-redirect" title="Drehsymmetrie">drehsymmetrisch</a>, also <a href="Punktsymmetrie" title="Punktsymmetrie">punktsymmetrisch</a>. Außerdem ist es <a href="Translationssymmetrie" class="mw-redirect" title="Translationssymmetrie">translationsymmetrisch</a> für alle <a href="Vektor" title="Vektor">Vektoren</a> im zweidimensionalen euklidischen <a href="Vektorraum" title="Vektorraum">Vektorraum</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Konstruktion_eines_Parallelogramms">Konstruktion eines Parallelogramms</h2></div>
<p>Ein Parallelogramm, bei dem die <a href="Seitenl%C3%A4nge" title="Seitenlänge">Seitenlängen</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span> sowie die <a href="H%C3%B6he_(Geometrie)" title="Höhe (Geometrie)">Höhe</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h_{a}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h_{a}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/00531874c3a9e751e1c78d4f84483fcec2e75eba.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.441ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h_{a}}" loading="lazy"></span> gegeben ist, ist mit <a href="Konstruktion_mit_Zirkel_und_Lineal" title="Konstruktion mit Zirkel und Lineal">Zirkel und Lineal</a> <a href="Konstruierbares_Polygon#Konstruierbarkeit" title="Konstruierbares Polygon">konstruierbar</a>.
</p>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verallgemeinerungen">Verallgemeinerungen</h2></div>
<p>Eine Verallgemeinerung auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Dimension_(Mathematik)" title="Dimension (Mathematik)">Dimensionen</a> ist das <a href="Parallelotop" title="Parallelotop">Parallelotop</a>, erklärt als die Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{\alpha _{1}\cdot p_{1}+\alpha _{2}\cdot p_{2}+\dotsb +\alpha _{n}\cdot p_{n}\mid 0\leq \alpha _{i}\leq 1\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>+</mo>
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<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</mrow>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{\alpha _{1}\cdot p_{1}+\alpha _{2}\cdot p_{2}+\dotsb +\alpha _{n}\cdot p_{n}\mid 0\leq \alpha _{i}\leq 1\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3a036e1c0d95f8f992b366b7ad9b315697373eb5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:45.978ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{\alpha _{1}\cdot p_{1}+\alpha _{2}\cdot p_{2}+\dotsb +\alpha _{n}\cdot p_{n}\mid 0\leq \alpha _{i}\leq 1\}}" loading="lazy"></span> sowie deren <a href="Parallelverschiebung" title="Parallelverschiebung">Parallelverschiebungen</a>. Die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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</msub>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5bab39399bf5424f25d957cdc57c84a0622626d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:2.059ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind dabei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Linear_unabh%C3%A4ngig" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear unabhängig">linear unabhängige</a> <a href="Vektor" title="Vektor">Vektoren</a>. Parallelotope sind <a href="Punktsymmetrisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Punktsymmetrisch">punktsymmetrisch</a>.
</p><p>Das <a href="Dreidimensional" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreidimensional">dreidimensionale</a> Parallelotop ist das <a href="Parallelepiped" title="Parallelepiped">Parallelepiped</a>. Seine <a href="Seitenfl%C3%A4che" class="mw-redirect" title="Seitenfläche">Seitenflächen</a> sind sechs paarweise <a href="Kongruenz_(Geometrie)" title="Kongruenz (Geometrie)">kongruente</a> und in <a href="Parallel_(Geometrie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel (Geometrie)">parallelen</a> <a href="Ebene_(Mathematik)" title="Ebene (Mathematik)">Ebenen</a> liegende Parallelogramme. Ein Parallelepiped hat zwölf Kanten, von denen je vier parallel verlaufen und untereinander gleich lang sind, und acht <a href="Ecke" title="Ecke">Ecken</a>, in denen diese Kanten in maximal drei verschiedenen <a href="Winkel" title="Winkel">Winkeln</a> zueinander zusammenlaufen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Satz_von_Varignon">Satz von Varignon</h2></div>
<p>Nach dem <a href="Satz_von_Varignon" title="Satz von Varignon">Satz von Varignon</a> gilt: Wenn man die <a href="Mittelpunkt" title="Mittelpunkt">Mittelpunkte</a> benachbarter Seiten eines <a href="Viereck" title="Viereck">Vierecks</a> verbindet, dann erhält man ein Parallelogramm.
</p><p><i>Beweis:</i>
</p><p>Nach Definition gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {AE}}={\overline {EB}},{\overline {BF}}={\overline {FC}},{\overline {CG}}={\overline {GD}},{\overline {DH}}={\overline {HA}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow>
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>E</mi>
</mrow>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow>
<mi>B</mi>
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow>
<mi>F</mi>
<mi>C</mi>
</mrow>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow>
<mi>C</mi>
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow>
<mi>G</mi>
<mi>D</mi>
</mrow>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow>
<mi>D</mi>
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow>
<mi>H</mi>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {AE}}={\overline {EB}},{\overline {BF}}={\overline {FC}},{\overline {CG}}={\overline {GD}},{\overline {DH}}={\overline {HA}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/74d93573e210f3ea1b7a5065127157fa3af0df0f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:45.978ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {AE}}={\overline {EB}},{\overline {BF}}={\overline {FC}},{\overline {CG}}={\overline {GD}},{\overline {DH}}={\overline {HA}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Betrachte das <a href="Dreieck" title="Dreieck">Dreieck</a> ABC. Es ist <a href="%C3%84hnlichkeit_(Geometrie)" title="Ähnlichkeit (Geometrie)">ähnlich</a> zum Dreieck EBF. Nimmt man den <a href="Punkt_(Geometrie)" title="Punkt (Geometrie)">Punkt</a> B als Zentrum einer <a href="Zentrische_Streckung" title="Zentrische Streckung">zentrischen Streckung</a>, werden A auf E und C auf F mit dem Faktor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/edef8290613648790a8ac1a95c2fb7c3972aea2f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:1.658ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> abgebildet. Wegen der Eigenschaften der zentrischen Streckung sind Bildstrecke und ursprüngliche <a href="Strecke_(Geometrie)" title="Strecke (Geometrie)">Strecke</a> <a href="Parallel_(Geometrie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel (Geometrie)">parallel</a>. Also ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle AC\parallel EF}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo>∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>F</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle AC\parallel EF}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0770de29bbb8c057d6df9eec537411f75683636f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.479ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle AC\parallel EF}" loading="lazy"></span>. Ebenso zeigt man, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle AC\parallel GH}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo>∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle AC\parallel GH}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/901028e820485b84e13d7d17fbaa9a8f0d0c954c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.853ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle AC\parallel GH}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle BD\parallel FG}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo>∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle BD\parallel FG}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7f27ddc2a066876954ac4ad7641a56e904be0c2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.709ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle BD\parallel FG}" loading="lazy"></span>, und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle BD\parallel HE}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo>∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle BD\parallel HE}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0f807cddcabc60881ba431294f4ba99f10122aca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.98ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle BD\parallel HE}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die <a href="Parallelit%C3%A4t_(Geometrie)" title="Parallelität (Geometrie)">Parallelität</a> in der <a href="Euklidische_Ebene" class="mw-redirect" title="Euklidische Ebene">euklidischen Ebene</a> ist eine <a href="%C3%84quivalenzrelation" title="Äquivalenzrelation">Äquivalenzrelation</a> und damit <a href="Transitive_Relation" title="Transitive Relation">transitiv</a>. Also ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle EF\parallel GH}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle EF\parallel GH}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/660d57fd4babcc7b79211031b1c50bd0d1bbc2a9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.86ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle EF\parallel GH}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle FG\parallel HE}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle FG\parallel HE}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/89649d18e22e650a3aa9db843296b612b5f2ca66.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.86ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle FG\parallel HE}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Die gegenüber liegenden Seiten des <a href="Viereck" title="Viereck">Vierecks</a> EFGH sind parallel, was der Definition eines Parallelogramms entspricht.
</p><p>Eine andere Möglichkeit ist, mit dem <a href="Strahlensatz" title="Strahlensatz">Strahlensatz</a> zu beweisen, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle EF=GH}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle EF=GH}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/98352994f92ccb33b24d8d595583c6ea1e51f968.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.505ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle EF=GH}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle FG=HE}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle FG=HE}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/138406404ef75d60d27a6fd2f89e902122ad2e99.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.505ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle FG=HE}" loading="lazy"></span> ist, d. h. dass die gegenüber liegenden Seiten des Vierecks EFGH gleich lang sind.
</p><p>Nach dem Strahlensatz gilt außerdem: Der <a href="Umfang_(Geometrie)" title="Umfang (Geometrie)">Umfang</a> des Parallelogramms EFGH ist genau so groß wie die Summe der <a href="Diagonale_(Geometrie)" title="Diagonale (Geometrie)">Diagonalenlängen</a> im Viereck ABCD. Die <a href="Fl%C3%A4che_(Mathematik)" title="Fläche (Mathematik)">Fläche</a> des Parallelogramms EFGH ist halb so groß wie die Fläche des Vierecks ABCD.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parallelogramme_mit_Quadraten">Parallelogramme mit Quadraten</h2></div>
<div style="float:right;"></div>
<div style="float:right;"></div>
<p>Gegeben sei ein Parallelogramm <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ABCD}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>B</mi>
<mi>C</mi>
<mi>D</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ABCD}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/412b7d8df4db6ca8093d971320c405598c49c339.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.198ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ABCD}" loading="lazy"></span>, über dessen Seiten Quadrate errichtet sind. Dann sind die Diagonalenschnittpunkte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span> der Quadrate <a href="Eckpunkt" class="mw-redirect" title="Eckpunkt">Eckpunkte</a> eines weiteren Quadrats. <i>(Figur 1)</i>
</p><p><i>Beweis:</i>
</p><p>Die vier gelben Dreiecke <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle AEH}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle AEH}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/74b79eef4331a483c2febac2fdd906005bc96619.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.582ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle AEH}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle EFB}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>F</mi>
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle EFB}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/621a521081f934d6abb045328a334ce12c97de8e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.28ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle EFB}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle GFC}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mi>F</mi>
<mi>C</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle GFC}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7d41699a07e38594db3ecc16868b3c164522851b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.334ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle GFC}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle HDG}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
<mi>D</mi>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle HDG}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b0c12b462f69ca92f3cde9e4b5c2735b88ed148.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.815ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle HDG}" loading="lazy"></span> in <i>Figur 2</i> stimmen in je zwei Seiten und dem jeweils eingeschlossenen (gelben) Innenwinkel bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>D</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f34a0c600395e5d4345287e21fb26efd386990e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D}" loading="lazy"></span> überein. Deshalb sind sie nach dem <a href="Kongruenzsatz" title="Kongruenzsatz">Kongruenzsatz</a> <i>SWS</i> kongruent und damit alle Seiten des Vierecks <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle EFGH}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>F</mi>
<mi>G</mi>
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle EFGH}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4eb6bb9952c2c438b42bcfb4e9a79057d3cec779.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.407ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle EFGH}" loading="lazy"></span> gleich lang. Da die Diagonalen eines Quadrats <a href="Orthogonalit%C3%A4t" title="Orthogonalität">orthogonal</a> sind, ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \angle BEA}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∠<!-- ∠ --></mi>
<mi>B</mi>
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \angle BEA}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/da30626c96644a3d942e2abed16ff271d2badd03.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.961ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \angle BEA}" loading="lazy"></span> ein <a href="Rechter_Winkel" title="Rechter Winkel">rechter Winkel</a>. Da die beiden (gelben) Winkel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \angle HEA}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∠<!-- ∠ --></mi>
<mi>H</mi>
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \angle HEA}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9360f288d18a4e49898d3602bdcaa297626f8b0f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.26ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \angle HEA}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \angle FEB}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∠<!-- ∠ --></mi>
<mi>F</mi>
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \angle FEB}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e8e73d4b66af3b42462dfb91f9c8033f3802c13c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.958ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \angle FEB}" loading="lazy"></span> gleich groß sind, muss auch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \angle FEH}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∠<!-- ∠ --></mi>
<mi>F</mi>
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \angle FEH}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ef94173ab8cbdf5438fb751efbfc40615211e1ac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.258ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \angle FEH}" loading="lazy"></span> ein rechter Winkel sein. Somit ist das Viereck <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle EFGH}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>F</mi>
<mi>G</mi>
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle EFGH}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4eb6bb9952c2c438b42bcfb4e9a79057d3cec779.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.407ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle EFGH}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Quadrat.<sup id="cite_ref-Zeuge_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeuge-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Goldener_Schnitt_in_Parallelogrammen">Goldener Schnitt in Parallelogrammen</h2></div>
<p>Ein Parallelogramm, bei dem das Verhältnis der längeren zur kürzeren Seite gleich dem <a href="Goldener_Schnitt" title="Goldener Schnitt">Goldenen Schnitt</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aed80a2011a3912b028ba32a52dfa57165455f24.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi }" loading="lazy"></span> ist, habe einen spitzen Innenwinkel von 60°. Die kürzere Seite habe <a href="O._B._d._A." class="mw-redirect" title="O. B. d. A.">o. B. d. A.</a> die Länge 1.
</p><p>Dann lassen sich zwei Folgen <a href="Gleichseitiges_Dreieck" title="Gleichseitiges Dreieck">gleichseitiger Dreiecke</a> jeweils so anordnen, dass jedes Dreieck der Folge durch eine Ecke seines Nachfolgers ebenfalls im Goldenen Schnitt geteilt wird. Weil das Parallelogramm <a href="Punktsymmetrie" title="Punktsymmetrie">punktsymmetrisch</a> zum Schnittpunkt seiner Diagonalen ist, sind die Grenzwerte der zu den beiden Folgen gehörigen Reihen identisch und füllen spiralförmig die gesamte Fläche des Parallelogramms aus. Die Flächenmaßzahlen der mittleren Parallelogramme konvergieren hierbei gegen Null (<i>Figur 3</i>).
</p><p>Ist h die Höhe auf der längeren Seite des Ausgangsparallelogramms, so hat jede der beiden Dreiecksspiralen die Flächenmaßzahl
</p>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A={\frac {1}{2}}\cdot \Phi \cdot h={\frac {1}{2}}\cdot \Phi \cdot {\frac {1}{2}}{\sqrt {3}}={\frac {1}{4}}\Phi {\sqrt {3}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>3</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>3</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A={\frac {1}{2}}\cdot \Phi \cdot h={\frac {1}{2}}\cdot \Phi \cdot {\frac {1}{2}}{\sqrt {3}}={\frac {1}{4}}\Phi {\sqrt {3}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1f1dd0fe536f8b58f9ce9786fa160ae0b9347dcb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:38.319ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A={\frac {1}{2}}\cdot \Phi \cdot h={\frac {1}{2}}\cdot \Phi \cdot {\frac {1}{2}}{\sqrt {3}}={\frac {1}{4}}\Phi {\sqrt {3}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Walser_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walser-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwendung_in_der_Technik">Verwendung in der Technik</h2></div>
<p>Parallelogramme finden sich häufig in der Mechanik. Durch vier Gelenke kann eine bewegliche, parallelentreue Lagerung hergestellt werden, die sogenannte <a href="Parallelogrammf%C3%BChrung" title="Parallelogrammführung">Parallelogrammführung</a>. Beispiele:
</p>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Schaltparallelogramm einer <a href="Kettenschaltung" title="Kettenschaltung">Kettenschaltung</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Parallel-<a href="Scheibenwischer" title="Scheibenwischer">Scheibenwischer</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Hubarbeitsb%C3%BChne" title="Hubarbeitsbühne">Hubarbeitsbühne</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Pantograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantograph">Pantograph</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Parallelepiped" title="Parallelepiped">Parallelepiped</a></li>
<li><a href="Parallelotop" title="Parallelotop">Parallelotop</a></li>
<li><a href="Antiparallelogramm" title="Antiparallelogramm">Antiparallelogramm</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>F. Wolff: <i>Lehrbuch der Geometrie.</i> Vierte verbesserte Auflage, Druck und Verlag von G. Reimer, Berlin 1845 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=51EoAAAAcAAJ">Online-Kopie</a>).</li>
<li>P. Kall: <i>Lineare Algebra für Ökonomen.</i> Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden 1984, ISBN 978-3-519-02356-2.</li>
<li>Wilhelm Killing: <i>Lehrbuch Der Analytischen Geometrie.</i> Teil 2, Outlook Verlagsgesellschaft, Bremen 2011, ISBN 978-3-86403-540-1.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Parallelograms?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Parallelogramm</a></span></b> – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><span class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wiktionary"></span></span></span><b><a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Parallelogramm" class="extiw external" title="wikt:Parallelogramm">Wiktionary: Parallelogramm</a></b> – Bedeutungserklärungen, Wortherkunft, Synonyme, Übersetzungen</div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><span class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wiktionary"></span></span></span><b><a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Rhomboid" class="extiw external" title="wikt:Rhomboid">Wiktionary: Rhomboid</a></b> – Bedeutungserklärungen, Wortherkunft, Synonyme, Übersetzungen</div>
<ul><li><a href="Eric_Weisstein" title="Eric Weisstein">Eric W. Weisstein</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Parallelogram.html"><i>Parallelogram</i>.</a> In: <i><a href="MathWorld" title="MathWorld">MathWorld</a></i> (englisch).</li>
<li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261891140">
/* start https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output .webarchiv-memento a{color:inherit}
/* end https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150111144544/http://de.bettermarks.com/mathe-portal/mathebuch/flaechen-und-umfangsberechnung-von-allgemeinen-und-speziellen-parallelogrammen.html"><i>Flächen- und Umfangsberechnung von allgemeinen und speziellen Parallelogrammen.</i></a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 11. Januar 2015 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>). Abgerufen am 18. November 2016.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161119063329/https://www.klett.de/web/uploads/assets/1f/1f19ba2c/742581_02.pdf"><i>Parallelogramm und Raute.</i></a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 19. November 2016 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>; PDF; 225 kB). Abgerufen am 18. November 2016.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130154110/https://www.uni-regensburg.de/mathematik/didaktik-mathematik/medien/lehre-ws11-12/modschiedler/sem8_ws1112_51762_geo_referat_5.pdf"><i>Einführung in das Thema Parallelogramm.</i></a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 30. November 2016 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>; PDF; 920 kB). Abgerufen am 15. Mai 2025.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfram MathWorld: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/CubicLattice.html">Cubic Lattice</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hydra.nat.uni-magdeburg.de/math4u/var/pdf/pv1.pdf">Varignon-Parallelogramm</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Zeuge-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Zeuge_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfgang Zeuge: <i>Nützliche und schöne Geometrie - Eine etwas andere Einführung in die Euklidische Geometrie.</i> Zweite korrigierte und ergänzte Auflage, <a href="Springer_Spektrum" title="Springer Spektrum">Springer Spektrum</a>, Springer-Verlag GmbH, <a href="Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> 2021, ISBN 978-3-662-63830-9, S. 129/172</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Walser-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Walser_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Walser: <i>Spiralen, Schraubenlinien und spiralartige Figuren - Mathematische Spielereien in zwei und drei Dimensionen</i>, <a href="Springer_Spektrum" title="Springer Spektrum">Springer Spektrum</a>, Springer-Verlag GmbH <a href="Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> 2022, ISBN 978-3-662-65131-5, Seite 77</span>
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